Hui Xiao 0d93c8a6ca Decouple sync fault and write injection in FaultInjectionTestFS & fix tracing issue under WAL write error injection (#12797)
Summary:
**Context/Summary:**

After injecting write error to WAL, we started to see crash recovery verification failure in prefix recovery. That's because the current tracing implementation traces every write before it writes to WAL even when the WAL write can fail with write error injection. One consequence of that is the traced writes in trace files does not corresponding to write sequence sequence anymore e.g, it has more traced writes that the actual assigned sequence number to successful writes. Therefore https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/blob/b4a84efb4e842b782e976de5b22a4554c2f76edd/db_stress_tool/expected_state.cc#L674 won't restore the ExpectedState to the correct sequence number we want.

Ideally, we should have a prepare-commit mechanism for tracing just like our ExpectedState so we can ignore the traced write if the write fails later. But for now, to simplify, we simply don't inject WAL error (and metadata write error cuz it could fail write when sync WAL dir fails)

To do so, we need to be able to exclude WAL from write injection but still allow sync fault injection in it to maintain its original sync fault testing coverage. This prompts us to decouple sync fault and write injection in FaultInjectionTestFS. And this is what this PR mainly about.

So now `FaultInjectionTestFS` works as the following:
- If direct_writable is true, then `FaultInjectionTestFS` is bypassed for writable file
- Otherwise, FaultInjectionTestFS` can buffer data for sync fault injection (if inject_unsynced_data_loss_ == true, global settings) and/or inject write error (if MaybeInjectThreadLocalError(), thread-local settings). WAL file can be optionally excluded from write injection

Bonus: better naming of relevant variables

Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/12797

Test Plan:
- The follow commands failed before this fix but passes after
```
python3 tools/db_crashtest.py --simple blackbox \
    --interval=5 \
    --preserve_unverified_changes=1 \
    --threads=32 \
    --disable_auto_compactions=1 \
    --WAL_size_limit_MB=0 --WAL_ttl_seconds=0 --acquire_snapshot_one_in=0 --adaptive_readahead=0 --adm_policy=0 --advise_random_on_open=1 --allow_concurrent_memtable_write=0 --allow_data_in_errors=True --allow_fallocate=1 --async_io=0 --auto_readahead_size=0 --avoid_flush_during_recovery=1 --avoid_flush_during_shutdown=0 --avoid_unnecessary_blocking_io=0 --backup_max_size=104857600 --backup_one_in=0 --batch_protection_bytes_per_key=0 --bgerror_resume_retry_interval=1000000 --block_align=0 --block_protection_bytes_per_key=4 --block_size=16384 --bloom_before_level=2147483646 --bloom_bits=3.2003682301518492 --bottommost_compression_type=zlib --bottommost_file_compaction_delay=600 --bytes_per_sync=0 --cache_index_and_filter_blocks=1 --cache_index_and_filter_blocks_with_high_priority=1 --cache_size=33554432 --cache_type=fixed_hyper_clock_cache --charge_compression_dictionary_building_buffer=0 --charge_file_metadata=0 --charge_filter_construction=0 --charge_table_reader=1 --check_multiget_consistency=0 --check_multiget_entity_consistency=0 --checkpoint_one_in=0 --checksum_type=kxxHash64 --clear_column_family_one_in=0 --column_families=1 --compact_files_one_in=0 --compact_range_one_in=0 --compaction_pri=2 --compaction_readahead_size=0 --compaction_ttl=0 --compress_format_version=1 --compressed_secondary_cache_size=16777216 --compression_checksum=1 --compression_max_dict_buffer_bytes=549755813887 --compression_max_dict_bytes=16384 --compression_parallel_threads=1 --compression_type=none --compression_use_zstd_dict_trainer=1 --compression_zstd_max_train_bytes=0 --continuous_verification_interval=0 --daily_offpeak_time_utc=00:00-23:59 --data_block_index_type=0 \
    --db_write_buffer_size=0 --delete_obsolete_files_period_micros=0 --delpercent=0 --delrangepercent=0 --destroy_db_initially=0 --detect_filter_construct_corruption=0 --disable_file_deletions_one_in=0 --disable_manual_compaction_one_in=0 --disable_wal=0 --dump_malloc_stats=0 --enable_checksum_handoff=0 --enable_compaction_filter=0 --enable_custom_split_merge=0 --enable_do_not_compress_roles=1 --enable_index_compression=0 --enable_memtable_insert_with_hint_prefix_extractor=0 --enable_pipelined_write=0 --enable_sst_partitioner_factory=0 --enable_thread_tracking=0 --enable_write_thread_adaptive_yield=0 --error_recovery_with_no_fault_injection=0 --fail_if_options_file_error=0 --fifo_allow_compaction=1 --file_checksum_impl=xxh64 --fill_cache=0 --flush_one_in=100 --format_version=4 --get_all_column_family_metadata_one_in=0 --get_current_wal_file_one_in=0 --get_live_files_apis_one_in=0 --get_properties_of_all_tables_one_in=0 --get_property_one_in=0 --get_sorted_wal_files_one_in=0 --hard_pending_compaction_bytes_limit=274877906944 --high_pri_pool_ratio=0.5 --index_block_restart_interval=9 --index_shortening=1 --index_type=0 --ingest_external_file_one_in=0 --initial_auto_readahead_size=0 --inplace_update_support=0 --iterpercent=0 --key_len_percent_dist=1,30,69 --key_may_exist_one_in=0 --last_level_temperature=kUnknown --level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes=1 --lock_wal_one_in=0 --log2_keys_per_lock=10 --log_file_time_to_roll=0 --log_readahead_size=16777216 --long_running_snapshots=0 --low_pri_pool_ratio=0 --lowest_used_cache_tier=2 --manifest_preallocation_size=0 --manual_wal_flush_one_in=0 --mark_for_compaction_one_file_in=0 --max_auto_readahead_size=524288 --max_background_compactions=1 --max_bytes_for_level_base=67108864 --max_key=1000 --max_key_len=3 --memtable_insert_hint_per_batch=0 --memtable_max_range_deletions=0 --memtable_prefix_bloom_size_ratio=0.5 --memtable_protection_bytes_per_key=8 --memtable_whole_key_filtering=0 --memtablerep=skip_list --metadata_charge_policy=0 --metadata_read_fault_one_in=0 --metadata_write_fault_one_in=0 --min_write_buffer_number_to_merge=1 --mmap_read=0 --mock_direct_io=False --nooverwritepercent=1 --num_file_reads_for_auto_readahead=0 --open_files=-1 --open_metadata_read_fault_one_in=0 --open_metadata_write_fault_one_in=0 --open_read_fault_one_in=0 --open_write_fault_one_in=0 --ops_per_thread=20000000 \
    --optimize_filters_for_hits=1 --optimize_filters_for_memory=1 --optimize_multiget_for_io=0 --paranoid_file_checks=1 --partition_filters=0 --partition_pinning=3 --pause_background_one_in=0 --periodic_compaction_seconds=0 --prefix_size=1 --prefixpercent=0 --prepopulate_block_cache=0 --preserve_internal_time_seconds=0 --progress_reports=0 --promote_l0_one_in=0 --read_amp_bytes_per_bit=0 --read_fault_one_in=0 --readahead_size=0 --readpercent=0 --recycle_log_file_num=0 --reopen=0 --report_bg_io_stats=0 --reset_stats_one_in=1000000 --sample_for_compression=5 --secondary_cache_fault_one_in=0 --secondary_cache_uri= --skip_stats_update_on_db_open=0 --snapshot_hold_ops=100000 --soft_pending_compaction_bytes_limit=68719476736 --sqfc_name=bar --sqfc_version=1 --sst_file_manager_bytes_per_sec=0 --sst_file_manager_bytes_per_truncate=0 --stats_dump_period_sec=10 --stats_history_buffer_size=0 --strict_bytes_per_sync=0 --subcompactions=1 --sync=0 --sync_fault_injection=1 --table_cache_numshardbits=0 --target_file_size_base=16777216 --target_file_size_multiplier=1 --test_batches_snapshots=0 --top_level_index_pinning=3 --uncache_aggressiveness=9890 --universal_max_read_amp=-1 --unpartitioned_pinning=3 --use_adaptive_mutex=0 --use_adaptive_mutex_lru=1 --use_attribute_group=0 --use_delta_encoding=0 --use_direct_io_for_flush_and_compaction=0 --use_direct_reads=0 --use_full_merge_v1=0 --use_get_entity=0 --use_merge=0 --use_multi_cf_iterator=0 --use_multi_get_entity=0 --use_multiget=0 --use_put_entity_one_in=0 --use_sqfc_for_range_queries=0 --use_timed_put_one_in=0 --use_write_buffer_manager=0 --user_timestamp_size=0 --value_size_mult=32 --verification_only=0 --verify_checksum=0 --verify_checksum_one_in=0 --verify_compression=1 --verify_db_one_in=0 --verify_file_checksums_one_in=0 --verify_iterator_with_expected_state_one_in=5 --verify_sst_unique_id_in_manifest=1 --wal_bytes_per_sync=0 --wal_compression=zstd --write_buffer_size=335544320 --write_dbid_to_manifest=1 --write_fault_one_in=100 --writepercent=100

```
- CI

Reviewed By: cbi42

Differential Revision: D58917145

Pulled By: hx235

fbshipit-source-id: b6397036bea035a92341c2b05fb01872db2153d7
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RocksDB: A Persistent Key-Value Store for Flash and RAM Storage

CircleCI Status

RocksDB is developed and maintained by Facebook Database Engineering Team. It is built on earlier work on LevelDB by Sanjay Ghemawat (sanjay@google.com) and Jeff Dean (jeff@google.com)

This code is a library that forms the core building block for a fast key-value server, especially suited for storing data on flash drives. It has a Log-Structured-Merge-Database (LSM) design with flexible tradeoffs between Write-Amplification-Factor (WAF), Read-Amplification-Factor (RAF) and Space-Amplification-Factor (SAF). It has multi-threaded compactions, making it especially suitable for storing multiple terabytes of data in a single database.

Start with example usage here: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/tree/main/examples

See the github wiki for more explanation.

The public interface is in include/. Callers should not include or rely on the details of any other header files in this package. Those internal APIs may be changed without warning.

Questions and discussions are welcome on the RocksDB Developers Public Facebook group and email list on Google Groups.

License

RocksDB is dual-licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory). You may select, at your option, one of the above-listed licenses.

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